======================================================================== * gcc README ======================================================================== This directory contains the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). The GNU Compiler Collection is free software. See the files whose names start with COPYING for copying permission. The manuals, and some of the runtime libraries, are under different terms; see the individual source files for details. The directory INSTALL contains copies of the installation information as HTML and plain text. The source of this information is gcc/doc/install.texi. The installation information includes details of what is included in the GCC sources and what files GCC installs. See the file gcc/doc/gcc.texi (together with other files that it includes) for usage and porting information. An online readable version of the manual is in the files gcc/doc/gcc.info*. See http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs/ for how to report bugs usefully. Copyright years on GCC source files may be listed using range notation, e.g., 1987-2012, indicating that every year in the range, inclusive, is a copyrightable year that could otherwise be listed individually. ======================================================================== * gcc boehm-gc/doc/README ======================================================================== Copyright (c) 1988, 1989 Hans-J. Boehm, Alan J. Demers Copyright (c) 1991-1996 by Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Silicon Graphics. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1999-2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The file linux_threads.c is also Copyright (c) 1998 by Fergus Henderson. All rights reserved. The files Makefile.am, and configure.in are Copyright (c) 2001 by Red Hat Inc. All rights reserved. Several files supporting GNU-style builds are copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, and carry a different license from that given below. THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. ANY USE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program for any purpose, provided the above notices are retained on all copies. Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted, provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that the code was modified is included with the above copyright notice. A few of the files needed to use the GNU-style build procedure come with slightly different licenses, though they are all similar in spirit. A few are GPL'ed, but with an exception that should cover all uses in the collector. (If you are concerned about such things, I recommend you look at the notice in config.guess or ltmain.sh.) This is version 6.6 of a conservative garbage collector for C and C++. You might find a more recent version of this at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc OVERVIEW This is intended to be a general purpose, garbage collecting storage allocator. The algorithms used are described in: Boehm, H., and M. Weiser, "Garbage Collection in an Uncooperative Environment", Software Practice & Experience, September 1988, pp. 807-820. Boehm, H., A. Demers, and S. Shenker, "Mostly Parallel Garbage Collection", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '91 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, SIGPLAN Notices 26, 6 (June 1991), pp. 157-164. Boehm, H., "Space Efficient Conservative Garbage Collection", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '91 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, SIGPLAN Notices 28, 6 (June 1993), pp. 197-206. Boehm H., "Reducing Garbage Collector Cache Misses", Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Memory Management. Possible interactions between the collector and optimizing compilers are discussed in Boehm, H., and D. Chase, "A Proposal for GC-safe C Compilation", The Journal of C Language Translation 4, 2 (December 1992). and Boehm H., "Simple GC-safe Compilation", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '96 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. (Some of these are also available from http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/papers/, among other places.) Unlike the collector described in the second reference, this collector operates either with the mutator stopped during the entire collection (default) or incrementally during allocations. (The latter is supported on only a few machines.) On the most common platforms, it can be built with or without thread support. On a few platforms, it can take advantage of a multiprocessor to speed up garbage collection. Many of the ideas underlying the collector have previously been explored by others. Notably, some of the run-time systems developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1980s conservatively scanned thread stacks to locate possible pointers (cf. Paul Rovner, "On Adding Garbage Collection and Runtime Types to a Strongly-Typed Statically Checked, Concurrent Language" Xerox PARC CSL 84-7). Doug McIlroy wrote a simpler fully conservative collector that was part of version 8 UNIX (tm), but appears to not have received widespread use. Rudimentary tools for use of the collector as a leak detector are included (see http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/leak.html), as is a fairly sophisticated string package "cord" that makes use of the collector. (See doc/README.cords and H.-J. Boehm, R. Atkinson, and M. Plass, "Ropes: An Alternative to Strings", Software Practice and Experience 25, 12 (December 1995), pp. 1315-1330. This is very similar to the "rope" package in Xerox Cedar, or the "rope" package in the SGI STL or the g++ distribution.) Further collector documantation can be found at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc GENERAL DESCRIPTION This is a garbage collecting storage allocator that is intended to be used as a plug-in replacement for C's malloc. Since the collector does not require pointers to be tagged, it does not attempt to ensure that all inaccessible storage is reclaimed. However, in our experience, it is typically more successful at reclaiming unused memory than most C programs using explicit deallocation. Unlike manually introduced leaks, the amount of unreclaimed memory typically stays bounded. In the following, an "object" is defined to be a region of memory allocated by the routines described below. Any objects not intended to be collected must be pointed to either from other such accessible objects, or from the registers, stack, data, or statically allocated bss segments. Pointers from the stack or registers may point to anywhere inside an object. The same is true for heap pointers if the collector is compiled with ALL_INTERIOR_POINTERS defined, as is now the default. Compiling without ALL_INTERIOR_POINTERS may reduce accidental retention of garbage objects, by requiring pointers from the heap to to the beginning of an object. But this no longer appears to be a significant issue for most programs. There are a number of routines which modify the pointer recognition algorithm. GC_register_displacement allows certain interior pointers to be recognized even if ALL_INTERIOR_POINTERS is nor defined. GC_malloc_ignore_off_page allows some pointers into the middle of large objects to be disregarded, greatly reducing the probablility of accidental retention of large objects. For most purposes it seems best to compile with ALL_INTERIOR_POINTERS and to use GC_malloc_ignore_off_page if you get collector warnings from allocations of very large objects. See README.debugging for details. WARNING: pointers inside memory allocated by the standard "malloc" are not seen by the garbage collector. Thus objects pointed to only from such a region may be prematurely deallocated. It is thus suggested that the standard "malloc" be used only for memory regions, such as I/O buffers, that are guaranteed not to contain pointers to garbage collectable memory. Pointers in C language automatic, static, or register variables, are correctly recognized. (Note that GC_malloc_uncollectable has semantics similar to standard malloc, but allocates objects that are traced by the collector.) WARNING: the collector does not always know how to find pointers in data areas that are associated with dynamic libraries. This is easy to remedy IF you know how to find those data areas on your operating system (see GC_add_roots). Code for doing this under SunOS, IRIX 5.X and 6.X, HP/UX, Alpha OSF/1, Linux, and win32 is included and used by default. (See README.win32 for win32 details.) On other systems pointers from dynamic library data areas may not be considered by the collector. If you're writing a program that depends on the collector scanning dynamic library data areas, it may be a good idea to include at least one call to GC_is_visible() to ensure that those areas are visible to the collector. Note that the garbage collector does not need to be informed of shared read-only data. However if the shared library mechanism can introduce discontiguous data areas that may contain pointers, then the collector does need to be informed. Signal processing for most signals may be deferred during collection, and during uninterruptible parts of the allocation process. Like standard ANSI C mallocs, by default it is unsafe to invoke malloc (and other GC routines) from a signal handler while another malloc call may be in progress. Removing -DNO_SIGNALS from Makefile attempts to remedy that. But that may not be reliable with a compiler that substantially reorders memory operations inside GC_malloc. The allocator/collector can also be configured for thread-safe operation. (Full signal safety can also be achieved, but only at the cost of two system calls per malloc, which is usually unacceptable.) WARNING: the collector does not guarantee to scan thread-local storage (e.g. of the kind accessed with pthread_getspecific()). The collector does scan thread stacks, though, so generally the best solution is to ensure that any pointers stored in thread-local storage are also stored on the thread's stack for the duration of their lifetime. (This is arguably a longstanding bug, but it hasn't been fixed yet.) INSTALLATION AND PORTABILITY As distributed, the macro SILENT is defined in Makefile. In the event of problems, this can be removed to obtain a moderate amount of descriptive output for each collection. (The given statistics exhibit a few peculiarities. Things don't appear to add up for a variety of reasons, most notably fragmentation losses. These are probably much more significant for the contrived program "test.c" than for your application.) Note that typing "make test" will automatically build the collector and then run setjmp_test and gctest. Setjmp_test will give you information about configuring the collector, which is useful primarily if you have a machine that's not already supported. Gctest is a somewhat superficial test of collector functionality. Failure is indicated by a core dump or a message to the effect that the collector is broken. Gctest takes about 35 seconds to run on a SPARCstation 2. It may use up to 8 MB of memory. (The multi-threaded version will use more. 64-bit versions may use more.) "Make test" will also, as its last step, attempt to build and test the "cord" string library. This will fail without an ANSI C compiler, but the garbage collector itself should still be usable. The Makefile will generate a library gc.a which you should link against. Typing "make cords" will add the cord library to gc.a. Note that this requires an ANSI C compiler. It is suggested that if you need to replace a piece of the collector (e.g. GC_mark_rts.c) you simply list your version ahead of gc.a on the ld command line, rather than replacing the one in gc.a. (This will generate numerous warnings under some versions of AIX, but it still works.) All include files that need to be used by clients will be put in the include subdirectory. (Normally this is just gc.h. "Make cords" adds "cord.h" and "ec.h".) The collector currently is designed to run essentially unmodified on machines that use a flat 32-bit or 64-bit address space. That includes the vast majority of Workstations and X86 (X >= 3) PCs. (The list here was deleted because it was getting too long and constantly out of date.) It does NOT run under plain 16-bit DOS or Windows 3.X. There are however various packages (e.g. win32s, djgpp) that allow flat 32-bit address applications to run under those systemsif the have at least an 80386 processor, and several of those are compatible with the collector. In a few cases (Amiga, OS/2, Win32, MacOS) a separate makefile or equivalent is supplied. Many of these have separate README.system files. Dynamic libraries are completely supported only under SunOS/Solaris, (and even that support is not functional on the last Sun 3 release), Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, IRIX 5&6, HP/UX, Win32 (not Win32S) and OSF/1 on DEC AXP machines plus perhaps a few others listed near the top of dyn_load.c. On other machines we recommend that you do one of the following: 1) Add dynamic library support (and send us the code). 2) Use static versions of the libraries. 3) Arrange for dynamic libraries to use the standard malloc. This is still dangerous if the library stores a pointer to a garbage collected object. But nearly all standard interfaces prohibit this, because they deal correctly with pointers to stack allocated objects. (Strtok is an exception. Don't use it.) In all cases we assume that pointer alignment is consistent with that enforced by the standard C compilers. If you use a nonstandard compiler you may have to adjust the alignment parameters defined in gc_priv.h. Note that this may also be an issue with packed records/structs, if those enforce less alignment for pointers. A port to a machine that is not byte addressed, or does not use 32 bit or 64 bit addresses will require a major effort. A port to plain MSDOS or win16 is hard. For machines not already mentioned, or for nonstandard compilers, the following are likely to require change: 1. The parameters in gcconfig.h. The parameters that will usually require adjustment are STACKBOTTOM, ALIGNMENT and DATASTART. Setjmp_test prints its guesses of the first two. DATASTART should be an expression for computing the address of the beginning of the data segment. This can often be &etext. But some memory management units require that there be some unmapped space between the text and the data segment. Thus it may be more complicated. On UNIX systems, this is rarely documented. But the adb "$m" command may be helpful. (Note that DATASTART will usually be a function of &etext. Thus a single experiment is usually insufficient.) STACKBOTTOM is used to initialize GC_stackbottom, which should be a sufficient approximation to the coldest stack address. On some machines, it is difficult to obtain such a value that is valid across a variety of MMUs, OS releases, etc. A number of alternatives exist for using the collector in spite of this. See the discussion in gcconfig.h immediately preceding the various definitions of STACKBOTTOM. 2. mach_dep.c. The most important routine here is one to mark from registers. The distributed file includes a generic hack (based on setjmp) that happens to work on many machines, and may work on yours. Try compiling and running setjmp_t.c to see whether it has a chance of working. (This is not correct C, so don't blame your compiler if it doesn't work. Based on limited experience, register window machines are likely to cause trouble. If your version of setjmp claims that all accessible variables, including registers, have the value they had at the time of the longjmp, it also will not work. Vanilla 4.2 BSD on Vaxen makes such a claim. SunOS does not.) If your compiler does not allow in-line assembly code, or if you prefer not to use such a facility, mach_dep.c may be replaced by a .s file (as we did for the MIPS machine and the PC/RT). At this point enough architectures are supported by mach_dep.c that you will rarely need to do more than adjust for assembler syntax. 3. os_dep.c (and gc_priv.h). Several kinds of operating system dependent routines reside here. Many are optional. Several are invoked only through corresponding macros in gc_priv.h, which may also be redefined as appropriate. The routine GC_register_data_segments is crucial. It registers static data areas that must be traversed by the collector. (User calls to GC_add_roots may sometimes be used for similar effect.) Routines to obtain memory from the OS also reside here. Alternatively this can be done entirely by the macro GET_MEM defined in gc_priv.h. Routines to disable and reenable signals also reside here if they are need by the macros DISABLE_SIGNALS and ENABLE_SIGNALS defined in gc_priv.h. In a multithreaded environment, the macros LOCK and UNLOCK in gc_priv.h will need to be suitably redefined. The incremental collector requires page dirty information, which is acquired through routines defined in os_dep.c. Unless directed otherwise by gcconfig.h, these are implemented as stubs that simply treat all pages as dirty. (This of course makes the incremental collector much less useful.) 4. dyn_load.c This provides a routine that allows the collector to scan data segments associated with dynamic libraries. Often it is not necessary to provide this routine unless user-written dynamic libraries are used. For a different version of UN*X or different machines using the Motorola 68000, Vax, SPARC, 80386, NS 32000, PC/RT, or MIPS architecture, it should frequently suffice to change definitions in gcconfig.h. THE C INTERFACE TO THE ALLOCATOR The following routines are intended to be directly called by the user. Note that usually only GC_malloc is necessary. GC_clear_roots and GC_add_roots calls may be required if the collector has to trace from nonstandard places (e.g. from dynamic library data areas on a machine on which the collector doesn't already understand them.) On some machines, it may be desirable to set GC_stacktop to a good approximation of the stack base. (This enhances code portability on HP PA machines, since there is no good way for the collector to compute this value.) Client code may include "gc.h", which defines all of the following, plus many others. 1) GC_malloc(nbytes) - allocate an object of size nbytes. Unlike malloc, the object is cleared before being returned to the user. Gc_malloc will invoke the garbage collector when it determines this to be appropriate. GC_malloc may return 0 if it is unable to acquire sufficient space from the operating system. This is the most probable consequence of running out of space. Other possible consequences are that a function call will fail due to lack of stack space, or that the collector will fail in other ways because it cannot maintain its internal data structures, or that a crucial system process will fail and take down the machine. Most of these possibilities are independent of the malloc implementation. 2) GC_malloc_atomic(nbytes) - allocate an object of size nbytes that is guaranteed not to contain any pointers. The returned object is not guaranteed to be cleared. (Can always be replaced by GC_malloc, but results in faster collection times. The collector will probably run faster if large character arrays, etc. are allocated with GC_malloc_atomic than if they are statically allocated.) 3) GC_realloc(object, new_size) - change the size of object to be new_size. Returns a pointer to the new object, which may, or may not, be the same as the pointer to the old object. The new object is taken to be atomic iff the old one was. If the new object is composite and larger than the original object, then the newly added bytes are cleared (we hope). This is very likely to allocate a new object, unless MERGE_SIZES is defined in gc_priv.h. Even then, it is likely to recycle the old object only if the object is grown in small additive increments (which, we claim, is generally bad coding practice.) 4) GC_free(object) - explicitly deallocate an object returned by GC_malloc or GC_malloc_atomic. Not necessary, but can be used to minimize collections if performance is critical. Probably a performance loss for very small objects (<= 8 bytes). 5) GC_expand_hp(bytes) - Explicitly increase the heap size. (This is normally done automatically if a garbage collection failed to GC_reclaim enough memory. Explicit calls to GC_expand_hp may prevent unnecessarily frequent collections at program startup.) 6) GC_malloc_ignore_off_page(bytes) - identical to GC_malloc, but the client promises to keep a pointer to the somewhere within the first 256 bytes of the object while it is live. (This pointer should nortmally be declared volatile to prevent interference from compiler optimizations.) This is the recommended way to allocate anything that is likely to be larger than 100Kbytes or so. (GC_malloc may result in failure to reclaim such objects.) 7) GC_set_warn_proc(proc) - Can be used to redirect warnings from the collector. Such warnings should be rare, and should not be ignored during code development. 8) GC_enable_incremental() - Enables generational and incremental collection. Useful for large heaps on machines that provide access to page dirty information. Some dirty bit implementations may interfere with debugging (by catching address faults) and place restrictions on heap arguments to system calls (since write faults inside a system call may not be handled well). 9) Several routines to allow for registration of finalization code. User supplied finalization code may be invoked when an object becomes unreachable. To call (*f)(obj, x) when obj becomes inaccessible, use GC_register_finalizer(obj, f, x, 0, 0); For more sophisticated uses, and for finalization ordering issues, see gc.h. The global variable GC_free_space_divisor may be adjusted up from its default value of 4 to use less space and more collection time, or down for the opposite effect. Setting it to 1 or 0 will effectively disable collections and cause all allocations to simply grow the heap. The variable GC_non_gc_bytes, which is normally 0, may be changed to reflect the amount of memory allocated by the above routines that should not be considered as a candidate for collection. Careless use may, of course, result in excessive memory consumption. Some additional tuning is possible through the parameters defined near the top of gc_priv.h. If only GC_malloc is intended to be used, it might be appropriate to define: #define malloc(n) GC_malloc(n) #define calloc(m,n) GC_malloc((m)*(n)) For small pieces of VERY allocation intensive code, gc_inl.h includes some allocation macros that may be used in place of GC_malloc and friends. All externally visible names in the garbage collector start with "GC_". To avoid name conflicts, client code should avoid this prefix, except when accessing garbage collector routines or variables. There are provisions for allocation with explicit type information. This is rarely necessary. Details can be found in gc_typed.h. THE C++ INTERFACE TO THE ALLOCATOR: The Ellis-Hull C++ interface to the collector is included in the collector distribution. If you intend to use this, type "make c++" after the initial build of the collector is complete. See gc_cpp.h for the definition of the interface. This interface tries to approximate the Ellis-Detlefs C++ garbage collection proposal without compiler changes. Cautions: 1. Arrays allocated without new placement syntax are allocated as uncollectable objects. They are traced by the collector, but will not be reclaimed. 2. Failure to use "make c++" in combination with (1) will result in arrays allocated using the default new operator. This is likely to result in disaster without linker warnings. 3. If your compiler supports an overloaded new[] operator, then gc_cpp.cc and gc_cpp.h should be suitably modified. 4. Many current C++ compilers have deficiencies that break some of the functionality. See the comments in gc_cpp.h for suggested workarounds. USE AS LEAK DETECTOR: The collector may be used to track down leaks in C programs that are intended to run with malloc/free (e.g. code with extreme real-time or portability constraints). To do so define FIND_LEAK in Makefile This will cause the collector to invoke the report_leak routine defined near the top of reclaim.c whenever an inaccessible object is found that has not been explicitly freed. Such objects will also be automatically reclaimed. Productive use of this facility normally involves redefining report_leak to do something more intelligent. This typically requires annotating objects with additional information (e.g. creation time stack trace) that identifies their origin. Such code is typically not very portable, and is not included here, except on SPARC machines. If all objects are allocated with GC_DEBUG_MALLOC (see next section), then the default version of report_leak will report the source file and line number at which the leaked object was allocated. This may sometimes be sufficient. (On SPARC/SUNOS4 machines, it will also report a cryptic stack trace. This can often be turned into a sympolic stack trace by invoking program "foo" with "callprocs foo". Callprocs is a short shell script that invokes adb to expand program counter values to symbolic addresses. It was largely supplied by Scott Schwartz.) Note that the debugging facilities described in the next section can sometimes be slightly LESS effective in leak finding mode, since in leak finding mode, GC_debug_free actually results in reuse of the object. (Otherwise the object is simply marked invalid.) Also note that the test program is not designed to run meaningfully in FIND_LEAK mode. Use "make gc.a" to build the collector. DEBUGGING FACILITIES: The routines GC_debug_malloc, GC_debug_malloc_atomic, GC_debug_realloc, and GC_debug_free provide an alternate interface to the collector, which provides some help with memory overwrite errors, and the like. Objects allocated in this way are annotated with additional information. Some of this information is checked during garbage collections, and detected inconsistencies are reported to stderr. Simple cases of writing past the end of an allocated object should be caught if the object is explicitly deallocated, or if the collector is invoked while the object is live. The first deallocation of an object will clear the debugging info associated with an object, so accidentally repeated calls to GC_debug_free will report the deallocation of an object without debugging information. Out of memory errors will be reported to stderr, in addition to returning NIL. GC_debug_malloc checking during garbage collection is enabled with the first call to GC_debug_malloc. This will result in some slowdown during collections. If frequent heap checks are desired, this can be achieved by explicitly invoking GC_gcollect, e.g. from the debugger. GC_debug_malloc allocated objects should not be passed to GC_realloc or GC_free, and conversely. It is however acceptable to allocate only some objects with GC_debug_malloc, and to use GC_malloc for other objects, provided the two pools are kept distinct. In this case, there is a very low probablility that GC_malloc allocated objects may be misidentified as having been overwritten. This should happen with probability at most one in 2**32. This probability is zero if GC_debug_malloc is never called. GC_debug_malloc, GC_malloc_atomic, and GC_debug_realloc take two additional trailing arguments, a string and an integer. These are not interpreted by the allocator. They are stored in the object (the string is not copied). If an error involving the object is detected, they are printed. The macros GC_MALLOC, GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC, GC_REALLOC, GC_FREE, and GC_REGISTER_FINALIZER are also provided. These require the same arguments as the corresponding (nondebugging) routines. If gc.h is included with GC_DEBUG defined, they call the debugging versions of these functions, passing the current file name and line number as the two extra arguments, where appropriate. If gc.h is included without GC_DEBUG defined, then all these macros will instead be defined to their nondebugging equivalents. (GC_REGISTER_FINALIZER is necessary, since pointers to objects with debugging information are really pointers to a displacement of 16 bytes form the object beginning, and some translation is necessary when finalization routines are invoked. For details, about what's stored in the header, see the definition of the type oh in debug_malloc.c) INCREMENTAL/GENERATIONAL COLLECTION: The collector normally interrupts client code for the duration of a garbage collection mark phase. This may be unacceptable if interactive response is needed for programs with large heaps. The collector can also run in a "generational" mode, in which it usually attempts to collect only objects allocated since the last garbage collection. Furthermore, in this mode, garbage collections run mostly incrementally, with a small amount of work performed in response to each of a large number of GC_malloc requests. This mode is enabled by a call to GC_enable_incremental(). Incremental and generational collection is effective in reducing pause times only if the collector has some way to tell which objects or pages have been recently modified. The collector uses two sources of information: 1. Information provided by the VM system. This may be provided in one of several forms. Under Solaris 2.X (and potentially under other similar systems) information on dirty pages can be read from the /proc file system. Under other systems (currently SunOS4.X) it is possible to write-protect the heap, and catch the resulting faults. On these systems we require that system calls writing to the heap (other than read) be handled specially by client code. See os_dep.c for details. 2. Information supplied by the programmer. We define "stubborn" objects to be objects that are rarely changed. Such an object can be allocated (and enabled for writing) with GC_malloc_stubborn. Once it has been initialized, the collector should be informed with a call to GC_end_stubborn_change. Subsequent writes that store pointers into the object must be preceded by a call to GC_change_stubborn. This mechanism performs best for objects that are written only for initialization, and such that only one stubborn object is writable at once. It is typically not worth using for short-lived objects. Stubborn objects are treated less efficiently than pointerfree (atomic) objects. A rough rule of thumb is that, in the absence of VM information, garbage collection pauses are proportional to the amount of pointerful storage plus the amount of modified "stubborn" storage that is reachable during the collection. Initial allocation of stubborn objects takes longer than allocation of other objects, since other data structures need to be maintained. We recommend against random use of stubborn objects in client code, since bugs caused by inappropriate writes to stubborn objects are likely to be very infrequently observed and hard to trace. However, their use may be appropriate in a few carefully written library routines that do not make the objects themselves available for writing by client code. BUGS: Any memory that does not have a recognizable pointer to it will be reclaimed. Exclusive-or'ing forward and backward links in a list doesn't cut it. Some C optimizers may lose the last undisguised pointer to a memory object as a consequence of clever optimizations. This has almost never been observed in practice. Send mail to boehm@acm.org for suggestions on how to fix your compiler. This is not a real-time collector. In the standard configuration, percentage of time required for collection should be constant across heap sizes. But collection pauses will increase for larger heaps. (On SPARCstation 2s collection times will be on the order of 300 msecs per MB of accessible memory that needs to be scanned. Your mileage may vary.) The incremental/generational collection facility helps, but is portable only if "stubborn" allocation is used. Please address bug reports to boehm@acm.org. If you are contemplating a major addition, you might also send mail to ask whether it's already been done (or whether we tried and discarded it). ======================================================================== * gcc boehm-gc/doc/README.cords ======================================================================== Copyright (c) 1993-1994 by Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. ANY USE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program for any purpose, provided the above notices are retained on all copies. Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted, provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that the code was modified is included with the above copyright notice. Please send bug reports to Hans-J. Boehm (Hans_Boehm@hp.com or boehm@acm.org). This is a string packages that uses a tree-based representation. See cord.h for a description of the functions provided. Ec.h describes "extensible cords", which are essentially output streams that write to a cord. These allow for efficient construction of cords without requiring a bound on the size of a cord. More details on the data structure can be found in Boehm, Atkinson, and Plass, "Ropes: An Alternative to Strings", Software Practice and Experience 25, 12, December 1995, pp. 1315-1330. A fundamentally similar "rope" data structure is also part of SGI's standard template library implementation, and its descendents, which include the GNU C++ library. That uses reference counting by default. There is a short description of that data structure at http://reality.sgi.com/boehm/ropeimpl.html . (The more official location http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/ropeimpl.html is missing a figure.) All of these are descendents of the "ropes" in Xerox Cedar. de.c is a very dumb text editor that illustrates the use of cords. It maintains a list of file versions. Each version is simply a cord representing the file contents. Nonetheless, standard editing operations are efficient, even on very large files. (Its 3 line "user manual" can be obtained by invoking it without arguments. Note that ^R^N and ^R^P move the cursor by almost a screen. It does not understand tabs, which will show up as highlighred "I"s. Use the UNIX "expand" program first.) To build the editor, type "make cord/de" in the gc directory. This package assumes an ANSI C compiler such as gcc. It will not compile with an old-style K&R compiler. Note that CORD_printf iand friends use C functions with variable numbers of arguments in non-standard-conforming ways. This code is known to break on some platforms, notably PowerPC. It should be possible to build the remainder of the library (everything but cordprnt.c) on any platform that supports the collector. ======================================================================== * gcc gcc/README.Portability ======================================================================== Copyright (C) 2000-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is intended to contain a few notes about writing C code within GCC so that it compiles without error on the full range of compilers GCC needs to be able to compile on. The problem is that many ISO-standard constructs are not accepted by either old or buggy compilers, and we keep getting bitten by them. This knowledge until know has been sparsely spread around, so I thought I'd collect it in one useful place. Please add and correct any problems as you come across them. I'm going to start from a base of the ISO C90 standard, since that is probably what most people code to naturally. Obviously using constructs introduced after that is not a good idea. For the complete coding style conventions used in GCC, please read http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html String literals --------------- Irix6 "cc -n32" and OSF4 "cc" have problems with constant string initializers with parens around it, e.g. const char string[] = ("A string"); This is unfortunate since this is what the GNU gettext macro N_ produces. You need to find a different way to code it. Some compilers like MSVC++ have fairly low limits on the maximum length of a string literal; 509 is the lowest we've come across. You may need to break up a long printf statement into many smaller ones. Empty macro arguments --------------------- ISO C (6.8.3 in the 1990 standard) specifies the following: If (before argument substitution) any argument consists of no preprocessing tokens, the behavior is undefined. This was relaxed by ISO C99, but some older compilers emit an error, so code like #define foo(x, y) x y foo (bar, ) needs to be coded in some other way. Avoid unnecessary test before free ---------------------------------- Since SunOS 4 stopped being a reasonable portability target, (which happened around 2007) there has been no need to guard against "free (NULL)". Thus, any guard like the following constitutes a redundant test: if (P) free (P); It is better to avoid the test.[*] Instead, simply free P, regardless of whether it is NULL. [*] However, if your profiling exposes a test like this in a performance-critical loop, say where P is nearly always NULL, and the cost of calling free on a NULL pointer would be prohibitively high, consider using __builtin_expect, e.g., like this: if (__builtin_expect (ptr != NULL, 0)) free (ptr); Trigraphs --------- You weren't going to use them anyway, but some otherwise ISO C compliant compilers do not accept trigraphs. Suffixes on Integer Constants ----------------------------- You should never use a 'l' suffix on integer constants ('L' is fine), since it can easily be confused with the number '1'. Common Coding Pitfalls ====================== errno ----- errno might be declared as a macro. Implicit int ------------ In C, the 'int' keyword can often be omitted from type declarations. For instance, you can write unsigned variable; as shorthand for unsigned int variable; There are several places where this can cause trouble. First, suppose 'variable' is a long; then you might think (unsigned) variable would convert it to unsigned long. It does not. It converts to unsigned int. This mostly causes problems on 64-bit platforms, where long and int are not the same size. Second, if you write a function definition with no return type at all: operate (int a, int b) { ... } that function is expected to return int, *not* void. GCC will warn about this. Implicit function declarations always have return type int. So if you correct the above definition to void operate (int a, int b) ... but operate() is called above its definition, you will get an error about a "type mismatch with previous implicit declaration". The cure is to prototype all functions at the top of the file, or in an appropriate header. Char vs unsigned char vs int ---------------------------- In C, unqualified 'char' may be either signed or unsigned; it is the implementation's choice. When you are processing 7-bit ASCII, it does not matter. But when your program must handle arbitrary binary data, or fully 8-bit character sets, you have a problem. The most obvious issue is if you have a look-up table indexed by characters. For instance, the character '\341' in ISO Latin 1 is SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT. In the proper locale, isalpha('\341') will be true. But if you read '\341' from a file and store it in a plain char, isalpha(c) may look up character 225, or it may look up character -31. And the ctype table has no entry at offset -31, so your program will crash. (If you're lucky.) It is wise to use unsigned char everywhere you possibly can. This avoids all these problems. Unfortunately, the routines in take plain char arguments, so you have to remember to cast them back and forth - or avoid the use of strxxx() functions, which is probably a good idea anyway. Another common mistake is to use either char or unsigned char to receive the result of getc() or related stdio functions. They may return EOF, which is outside the range of values representable by char. If you use char, some legal character value may be confused with EOF, such as '\377' (SMALL LETTER Y WITH UMLAUT, in Latin-1). The correct choice is int. A more subtle version of the same mistake might look like this: unsigned char pushback[NPUSHBACK]; int pbidx; #define unget(c) (assert(pbidx < NPUSHBACK), pushback[pbidx++] = (c)) #define get(c) (pbidx ? pushback[--pbidx] : getchar()) ... unget(EOF); which will mysteriously turn a pushed-back EOF into a SMALL LETTER Y WITH UMLAUT. Other common pitfalls --------------------- o Expecting 'plain' char to be either sign or unsigned extending. o Shifting an item by a negative amount or by greater than or equal to the number of bits in a type (expecting shifts by 32 to be sensible has caused quite a number of bugs at least in the early days). o Expecting ints shifted right to be sign extended. o Modifying the same value twice within one sequence point. o Host vs. target floating point representation, including emitting NaNs and Infinities in a form that the assembler handles. o qsort being an unstable sort function (unstable in the sense that multiple items that sort the same may be sorted in different orders by different qsort functions). o Passing incorrect types to fprintf and friends. o Adding a function declaration for a module declared in another file to a .c file instead of to a .h file. ======================================================================== * gcc gcc/config/arm/README-interworking ======================================================================== Arm / Thumb Interworking ======================== The Cygnus GNU Pro Toolkit for the ARM7T processor supports function calls between code compiled for the ARM instruction set and code compiled for the Thumb instruction set and vice versa. This document describes how that interworking support operates and explains the command line switches that should be used in order to produce working programs. Note: The Cygnus GNU Pro Toolkit does not support switching between compiling for the ARM instruction set and the Thumb instruction set on anything other than a per file basis. There are in fact two completely separate compilers, one that produces ARM assembler instructions and one that produces Thumb assembler instructions. The two compilers share the same assembler, linker and so on. 1. Explicit interworking support for C and C++ files ==================================================== By default if a file is compiled without any special command line switches then the code produced will not support interworking. Provided that a program is made up entirely from object files and libraries produced in this way and which contain either exclusively ARM instructions or exclusively Thumb instructions then this will not matter and a working executable will be created. If an attempt is made to link together mixed ARM and Thumb object files and libraries, then warning messages will be produced by the linker and a non-working executable will be created. In order to produce code which does support interworking it should be compiled with the -mthumb-interwork command line option. Provided that a program is made up entirely from object files and libraries built with this command line switch a working executable will be produced, even if both ARM and Thumb instructions are used by the various components of the program. (No warning messages will be produced by the linker either). Note that specifying -mthumb-interwork does result in slightly larger, slower code being produced. This is why interworking support must be specifically enabled by a switch. 2. Explicit interworking support for assembler files ==================================================== If assembler files are to be included into an interworking program then the following rules must be obeyed: * Any externally visible functions must return by using the BX instruction. * Normal function calls can just use the BL instruction. The linker will automatically insert code to switch between ARM and Thumb modes as necessary. * Calls via function pointers should use the BX instruction if the call is made in ARM mode: .code 32 mov lr, pc bx rX This code sequence will not work in Thumb mode however, since the mov instruction will not set the bottom bit of the lr register. Instead a branch-and-link to the _call_via_rX functions should be used instead: .code 16 bl _call_via_rX where rX is replaced by the name of the register containing the function address. * All externally visible functions which should be entered in Thumb mode must have the .thumb_func pseudo op specified just before their entry point. e.g.: .code 16 .global function .thumb_func function: ...start of function.... * All assembler files must be assembled with the switch -mthumb-interwork specified on the command line. (If the file is assembled by calling gcc it will automatically pass on the -mthumb-interwork switch to the assembler, provided that it was specified on the gcc command line in the first place.) 3. Support for old, non-interworking aware code. ================================================ If it is necessary to link together code produced by an older, non-interworking aware compiler, or code produced by the new compiler but without the -mthumb-interwork command line switch specified, then there are two command line switches that can be used to support this. The switch -mcaller-super-interworking will allow calls via function pointers in Thumb mode to work, regardless of whether the function pointer points to old, non-interworking aware code or not. Specifying this switch does produce slightly slower code however. Note: There is no switch to allow calls via function pointers in ARM mode to be handled specially. Calls via function pointers from interworking aware ARM code to non-interworking aware ARM code work without any special considerations by the compiler. Calls via function pointers from interworking aware ARM code to non-interworking aware Thumb code however will not work. (Actually under some circumstances they may work, but there are no guarantees). This is because only the new compiler is able to produce Thumb code, and this compiler already has a command line switch to produce interworking aware code. The switch -mcallee-super-interworking will allow non-interworking aware ARM or Thumb code to call Thumb functions, either directly or via function pointers. Specifying this switch does produce slightly larger, slower code however. Note: There is no switch to allow non-interworking aware ARM or Thumb code to call ARM functions. There is no need for any special handling of calls from non-interworking aware ARM code to interworking aware ARM functions, they just work normally. Calls from non-interworking aware Thumb functions to ARM code however, will not work. There is no option to support this, since it is always possible to recompile the Thumb code to be interworking aware. As an alternative to the command line switch -mcallee-super-interworking, which affects all externally visible functions in a file, it is possible to specify an attribute or declspec for individual functions, indicating that that particular function should support being called by non-interworking aware code. The function should be defined like this: int __attribute__((interfacearm)) function { ... body of function ... } or int __declspec(interfacearm) function { ... body of function ... } 4. Interworking support in dlltool ================================== It is possible to create DLLs containing mixed ARM and Thumb code. It is also possible to call Thumb code in a DLL from an ARM program and vice versa. It is even possible to call ARM DLLs that have been compiled without interworking support (say by an older version of the compiler), from Thumb programs and still have things work properly. A version of the `dlltool' program which supports the `--interwork' command line switch is needed, as well as the following special considerations when building programs and DLLs: *Use `-mthumb-interwork'* When compiling files for a DLL or a program the `-mthumb-interwork' command line switch should be specified if calling between ARM and Thumb code can happen. If a program is being compiled and the mode of the DLLs that it uses is not known, then it should be assumed that interworking might occur and the switch used. *Use `-m thumb'* If the exported functions from a DLL are all Thumb encoded then the `-m thumb' command line switch should be given to dlltool when building the stubs. This will make dlltool create Thumb encoded stubs, rather than its default of ARM encoded stubs. If the DLL consists of both exported Thumb functions and exported ARM functions then the `-m thumb' switch should not be used. Instead the Thumb functions in the DLL should be compiled with the `-mcallee-super-interworking' switch, or with the `interfacearm' attribute specified on their prototypes. In this way they will be given ARM encoded prologues, which will work with the ARM encoded stubs produced by dlltool. *Use `-mcaller-super-interworking'* If it is possible for Thumb functions in a DLL to call non-interworking aware code via a function pointer, then the Thumb code must be compiled with the `-mcaller-super-interworking' command line switch. This will force the function pointer calls to use the _interwork_call_via_rX stub functions which will correctly restore Thumb mode upon return from the called function. *Link with `libgcc.a'* When the dll is built it may have to be linked with the GCC library (`libgcc.a') in order to extract the _call_via_rX functions or the _interwork_call_via_rX functions. This represents a partial redundancy since the same functions *may* be present in the application itself, but since they only take up 372 bytes this should not be too much of a consideration. *Use `--support-old-code'* When linking a program with an old DLL which does not support interworking, the `--support-old-code' command line switch to the linker should be used. This causes the linker to generate special interworking stubs which can cope with old, non-interworking aware ARM code, at the cost of generating bulkier code. The linker will still generate a warning message along the lines of: "Warning: input file XXX does not support interworking, whereas YYY does." but this can now be ignored because the --support-old-code switch has been used. 5. How interworking support works ================================= Switching between the ARM and Thumb instruction sets is accomplished via the BX instruction which takes as an argument a register name. Control is transferred to the address held in this register (with the bottom bit masked out), and if the bottom bit is set, then Thumb instruction processing is enabled, otherwise ARM instruction processing is enabled. When the -mthumb-interwork command line switch is specified, gcc arranges for all functions to return to their caller by using the BX instruction. Thus provided that the return address has the bottom bit correctly initialized to indicate the instruction set of the caller, correct operation will ensue. When a function is called explicitly (rather than via a function pointer), the compiler generates a BL instruction to do this. The Thumb version of the BL instruction has the special property of setting the bottom bit of the LR register after it has stored the return address into it, so that a future BX instruction will correctly return the instruction after the BL instruction, in Thumb mode. The BL instruction does not change modes itself however, so if an ARM function is calling a Thumb function, or vice versa, it is necessary to generate some extra instructions to handle this. This is done in the linker when it is storing the address of the referenced function into the BL instruction. If the BL instruction is an ARM style BL instruction, but the referenced function is a Thumb function, then the linker automatically generates a calling stub that converts from ARM mode to Thumb mode, puts the address of this stub into the BL instruction, and puts the address of the referenced function into the stub. Similarly if the BL instruction is a Thumb BL instruction, and the referenced function is an ARM function, the linker generates a stub which converts from Thumb to ARM mode, puts the address of this stub into the BL instruction, and the address of the referenced function into the stub. This is why it is necessary to mark Thumb functions with the .thumb_func pseudo op when creating assembler files. This pseudo op allows the assembler to distinguish between ARM functions and Thumb functions. (The Thumb version of GCC automatically generates these pseudo ops for any Thumb functions that it generates). Calls via function pointers work differently. Whenever the address of a function is taken, the linker examines the type of the function being referenced. If the function is a Thumb function, then it sets the bottom bit of the address. Technically this makes the address incorrect, since it is now one byte into the start of the function, but this is never a problem because: a. with interworking enabled all calls via function pointer are done using the BX instruction and this ignores the bottom bit when computing where to go to. b. the linker will always set the bottom bit when the address of the function is taken, so it is never possible to take the address of the function in two different places and then compare them and find that they are not equal. As already mentioned any call via a function pointer will use the BX instruction (provided that interworking is enabled). The only problem with this is computing the return address for the return from the called function. For ARM code this can easily be done by the code sequence: mov lr, pc bx rX (where rX is the name of the register containing the function pointer). This code does not work for the Thumb instruction set, since the MOV instruction will not set the bottom bit of the LR register, so that when the called function returns, it will return in ARM mode not Thumb mode. Instead the compiler generates this sequence: bl _call_via_rX (again where rX is the name if the register containing the function pointer). The special call_via_rX functions look like this: .thumb_func _call_via_r0: bx r0 nop The BL instruction ensures that the correct return address is stored in the LR register and then the BX instruction jumps to the address stored in the function pointer, switch modes if necessary. 6. How caller-super-interworking support works ============================================== When the -mcaller-super-interworking command line switch is specified it changes the code produced by the Thumb compiler so that all calls via function pointers (including virtual function calls) now go via a different stub function. The code to call via a function pointer now looks like this: bl _interwork_call_via_r0 Note: The compiler does not insist that r0 be used to hold the function address. Any register will do, and there are a suite of stub functions, one for each possible register. The stub functions look like this: .code 16 .thumb_func _interwork_call_via_r0 bx pc nop .code 32 tst r0, #1 stmeqdb r13!, {lr} adreq lr, _arm_return bx r0 The stub first switches to ARM mode, since it is a lot easier to perform the necessary operations using ARM instructions. It then tests the bottom bit of the register containing the address of the function to be called. If this bottom bit is set then the function being called uses Thumb instructions and the BX instruction to come will switch back into Thumb mode before calling this function. (Note that it does not matter how this called function chooses to return to its caller, since the both the caller and callee are Thumb functions, and mode switching is necessary). If the function being called is an ARM mode function however, the stub pushes the return address (with its bottom bit set) onto the stack, replaces the return address with the address of the a piece of code called '_arm_return' and then performs a BX instruction to call the function. The '_arm_return' code looks like this: .code 32 _arm_return: ldmia r13!, {r12} bx r12 .code 16 It simply retrieves the return address from the stack, and then performs a BX operation to return to the caller and switch back into Thumb mode. 7. How callee-super-interworking support works ============================================== When -mcallee-super-interworking is specified on the command line the Thumb compiler behaves as if every externally visible function that it compiles has had the (interfacearm) attribute specified for it. What this attribute does is to put a special, ARM mode header onto the function which forces a switch into Thumb mode: without __attribute__((interfacearm)): .code 16 .thumb_func function: ... start of function ... with __attribute__((interfacearm)): .code 32 function: orr r12, pc, #1 bx r12 .code 16 .thumb_func .real_start_of_function: ... start of function ... Note that since the function now expects to be entered in ARM mode, it no longer has the .thumb_func pseudo op specified for its name. Instead the pseudo op is attached to a new label .real_start_of_ (where is the name of the function) which indicates the start of the Thumb code. This does have the interesting side effect in that if this function is now called from a Thumb mode piece of code outside of the current file, the linker will generate a calling stub to switch from Thumb mode into ARM mode, and then this is immediately overridden by the function's header which switches back into Thumb mode. In addition the (interfacearm) attribute also forces the function to return by using the BX instruction, even if has not been compiled with the -mthumb-interwork command line flag, so that the correct mode will be restored upon exit from the function. 8. Some examples ================ Given these two test files: int arm (void) { return 1 + thumb (); } int thumb (void) { return 2 + arm (); } The following pieces of assembler are produced by the ARM and Thumb version of GCC depending upon the command line options used: `-O2': .code 32 .code 16 .global _arm .global _thumb .thumb_func _arm: _thumb: mov ip, sp stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc} push {lr} sub fp, ip, #4 bl _thumb bl _arm add r0, r0, #1 add r0, r0, #2 ldmea fp, {fp, sp, pc} pop {pc} Note how the functions return without using the BX instruction. If these files were assembled and linked together they would fail to work because they do not change mode when returning to their caller. `-O2 -mthumb-interwork': .code 32 .code 16 .global _arm .global _thumb .thumb_func _arm: _thumb: mov ip, sp stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc} push {lr} sub fp, ip, #4 bl _thumb bl _arm add r0, r0, #1 add r0, r0, #2 ldmea fp, {fp, sp, lr} pop {r1} bx lr bx r1 Now the functions use BX to return their caller. They have grown by 4 and 2 bytes respectively, but they can now successfully be linked together and be expect to work. The linker will replace the destinations of the two BL instructions with the addresses of calling stubs which convert to the correct mode before jumping to the called function. `-O2 -mcallee-super-interworking': .code 32 .code 32 .global _arm .global _thumb _arm: _thumb: orr r12, pc, #1 bx r12 mov ip, sp .code 16 stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc} push {lr} sub fp, ip, #4 bl _thumb bl _arm add r0, r0, #1 add r0, r0, #2 ldmea fp, {fp, sp, lr} pop {r1} bx lr bx r1 The thumb function now has an ARM encoded prologue, and it no longer has the `.thumb-func' pseudo op attached to it. The linker will not generate a calling stub for the call from arm() to thumb(), but it will still have to generate a stub for the call from thumb() to arm(). Also note how specifying `--mcallee-super-interworking' automatically implies `-mthumb-interworking'. 9. Some Function Pointer Examples ================================= Given this test file: int func (void) { return 1; } int call (int (* ptr)(void)) { return ptr (); } The following varying pieces of assembler are produced by the Thumb version of GCC depending upon the command line options used: `-O2': .code 16 .globl _func .thumb_func _func: mov r0, #1 bx lr .globl _call .thumb_func _call: push {lr} bl __call_via_r0 pop {pc} Note how the two functions have different exit sequences. In particular call() uses pop {pc} to return, which would not work if the caller was in ARM mode. func() however, uses the BX instruction, even though `-mthumb-interwork' has not been specified, as this is the most efficient way to exit a function when the return address is held in the link register. `-O2 -mthumb-interwork': .code 16 .globl _func .thumb_func _func: mov r0, #1 bx lr .globl _call .thumb_func _call: push {lr} bl __call_via_r0 pop {r1} bx r1 This time both functions return by using the BX instruction. This means that call() is now two bytes longer and several cycles slower than the previous version. `-O2 -mcaller-super-interworking': .code 16 .globl _func .thumb_func _func: mov r0, #1 bx lr .globl _call .thumb_func _call: push {lr} bl __interwork_call_via_r0 pop {pc} Very similar to the first (non-interworking) version, except that a different stub is used to call via the function pointer. This new stub will work even if the called function is not interworking aware, and tries to return to call() in ARM mode. Note that the assembly code for call() is still not interworking aware itself, and so should not be called from ARM code. `-O2 -mcallee-super-interworking': .code 32 .globl _func _func: orr r12, pc, #1 bx r12 .code 16 .globl .real_start_of_func .thumb_func .real_start_of_func: mov r0, #1 bx lr .code 32 .globl _call _call: orr r12, pc, #1 bx r12 .code 16 .globl .real_start_of_call .thumb_func .real_start_of_call: push {lr} bl __call_via_r0 pop {r1} bx r1 Now both functions have an ARM coded prologue, and both functions return by using the BX instruction. These functions are interworking aware therefore and can safely be called from ARM code. The code for the call() function is now 10 bytes longer than the original, non interworking aware version, an increase of over 200%. If a prototype for call() is added to the source code, and this prototype includes the `interfacearm' attribute: int __attribute__((interfacearm)) call (int (* ptr)(void)); then this code is produced (with only -O2 specified on the command line): .code 16 .globl _func .thumb_func _func: mov r0, #1 bx lr .globl _call .code 32 _call: orr r12, pc, #1 bx r12 .code 16 .globl .real_start_of_call .thumb_func .real_start_of_call: push {lr} bl __call_via_r0 pop {r1} bx r1 So now both call() and func() can be safely called via non-interworking aware ARM code. If, when such a file is assembled, the assembler detects the fact that call() is being called by another function in the same file, it will automatically adjust the target of the BL instruction to point to .real_start_of_call. In this way there is no need for the linker to generate a Thumb-to-ARM calling stub so that call can be entered in ARM mode. 10. How to use dlltool to build ARM/Thumb DLLs ============================================== Given a program (`prog.c') like this: extern int func_in_dll (void); int main (void) { return func_in_dll(); } And a DLL source file (`dll.c') like this: int func_in_dll (void) { return 1; } Here is how to build the DLL and the program for a purely ARM based environment: *Step One Build a `.def' file describing the DLL: ; example.def ; This file describes the contents of the DLL LIBRARY example HEAPSIZE 0x40000, 0x2000 EXPORTS func_in_dll 1 *Step Two Compile the DLL source code: arm-pe-gcc -O2 -c dll.c *Step Three Use `dlltool' to create an exports file and a library file: dlltool --def example.def --output-exp example.o --output-lib example.a *Step Four Link together the complete DLL: arm-pe-ld dll.o example.o -o example.dll *Step Five Compile the program's source code: arm-pe-gcc -O2 -c prog.c *Step Six Link together the program and the DLL's library file: arm-pe-gcc prog.o example.a -o prog If instead this was a Thumb DLL being called from an ARM program, the steps would look like this. (To save space only those steps that are different from the previous version are shown): *Step Two Compile the DLL source code (using the Thumb compiler): thumb-pe-gcc -O2 -c dll.c -mthumb-interwork *Step Three Build the exports and library files (and support interworking): dlltool -d example.def -z example.o -l example.a --interwork -m thumb *Step Five Compile the program's source code (and support interworking): arm-pe-gcc -O2 -c prog.c -mthumb-interwork If instead, the DLL was an old, ARM DLL which does not support interworking, and which cannot be rebuilt, then these steps would be used. *Step One Skip. If you do not have access to the sources of a DLL, there is no point in building a `.def' file for it. *Step Two Skip. With no DLL sources there is nothing to compile. *Step Three Skip. Without a `.def' file you cannot use dlltool to build an exports file or a library file. *Step Four Skip. Without a set of DLL object files you cannot build the DLL. Besides it has already been built for you by somebody else. *Step Five Compile the program's source code, this is the same as before: arm-pe-gcc -O2 -c prog.c *Step Six Link together the program and the DLL's library file, passing the `--support-old-code' option to the linker: arm-pe-gcc prog.o example.a -Wl,--support-old-code -o prog Ignore the warning message about the input file not supporting interworking as the --support-old-code switch has taken care if this. Copyright (C) 1998-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. ======================================================================== * gcc gcc/go/gofrontend/README ======================================================================== See ../README. The frontend is written in C++. The frontend lexes and parses the input into an IR specific to this frontend known as gogo. It then runs a series of passes over the code. Finally it converts gogo to gcc's GENERIC. A goal is to move the gcc support code into a gcc-interface subdirectory. The gcc code will be put under the GPL. The rest of the frontend will not include any gcc header files. Issues to be faced in this transition: * Representation of source locations. + Currently the frontend uses gcc's source_location codes, using the interface in libcpp/line-map.h. * Handling of error messages. + Currently the frontend uses gcc's error_at and warning_at functions. + Currently the frontend uses gcc's diagnostic formatter, using features such as %<%> for appropriate quoting. + Localization may be an issue. This compiler works, but the code is a work in progress. Notably, the support for garbage collection is ineffective and needs a complete rethinking. The frontend pays little attention to its memory usage and rarely frees any memory. The code could use a general cleanup which we have not had time to do. Contributing ============= To contribute patches to the files in this directory, please see http://golang.org/doc/gccgo_contribute.html . The master copy of these files is hosted at http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend . Changes to these files require signing a Google contributor license agreement. If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to the individual contributor license agreement at http://code.google.com/legal/individual-cla-v1.0.html. This agreement can be completed online. If your organization is the copyright holder, the organization will need to agree to the corporate contributor license agreement at http://code.google.com/legal/corporate-cla-v1.0.html. If the copyright holder for your code has already completed the agreement in connection with another Google open source project, it does not need to be completed again. ======================================================================== * gcc libgo/README ======================================================================== See ../README. This is the runtime support library for the Go programming language. This library is intended for use with the Go frontend. The library has only been tested on GNU/Linux using glibc. It should not be difficult to port to other operating systems. The library has only been tested on x86/x86_64 systems. It should not be difficult to port to other architectures. Directories: go A copy of the Go library from http://golang.org/, with a few changes for gccgo. Notably, the reflection interface is different. runtime Runtime functions, written in C, which are called directly by the compiler or by the library. syscalls System call support. Contributing ============ To contribute patches to the files in this directory, please see http://golang.org/doc/gccgo_contribute.html . The master copy of these files is hosted at http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend . Changes to these files require signing a Google contributor license agreement. If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to the individual contributor license agreement at http://code.google.com/legal/individual-cla-v1.0.html. This agreement can be completed online. If your organization is the copyright holder, the organization will need to agree to the corporate contributor license agreement at http://code.google.com/legal/corporate-cla-v1.0.html. If the copyright holder for your code has already completed the agreement in connection with another Google open source project, it does not need to be completed again. ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/external/jsr166/readme ======================================================================== The software comprising JSR166 was written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 Expert roup and released to the public domain, as explained at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain, excepting portions of the class java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList, which were adapted from class java.util.ArrayList, written by Sun Microsystems, Inc, which are used with kind permission, and subject to the following: Copyright 2002-2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Use is subject to the following license terms. "Sun hereby grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, non-transferrable license to use and distribute the Java Software technologies as part of a larger work in source and binary forms, with or without modification, provided that the following conditions are met: -Neither the name of or trademarks of Sun may be used to endorse or promote products derived from the Java Software technology without specific prior written permission. -Redistributions of source or binary code must be accompanied by the following notice and disclaimers: Portions copyright Sun Microsystems, Inc. Used with kind permission. This software is provided AS IS, without a warranty of any kind. ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. AND ITS LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY LICENSEE AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE OR ITS DERIVATIVES. IN NO EVENT WILL SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT,CONSQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OR LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. You acknowledge that Software is not designed, licensed or intended for use in the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear facility." ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/external/sax/README ======================================================================== Simple API for XML (SAX), a standard application interface for processing XML. SAX is not maintained as part of GNU Classpath, but is used with GNU Classpath. Last imported version sax2r3 final from http://www.saxproject.org/ All files are distributed with the following short notice: NO WARRANTY! This class is in the Public Domain. The www.saxproject.org explains: Copyright Status SAX is free! In fact, it's not possible to own a license to SAX, since it's been placed in the public domain. No Warranty Because SAX is released to the public domain, there is no warranty for the design or for the software implementation, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other parties provide SAX "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of SAX is with you. Should SAX prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction. In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or redistribute SAX, be liable to you for damages, including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use SAX (including but not limited to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a failure of the SAX to operate with any other programs), even if such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Copyright Disclaimers This page includes statements to that effect by David Megginson, who would have been able to claim copyright for the original work. SAX 1.0 Version 1.0 of the Simple API for XML (SAX), created collectively by the membership of the XML-DEV mailing list, is hereby released into the public domain. No one owns SAX: you may use it freely in both commercial and non-commercial applications, bundle it with your software distribution, include it on a CD-ROM, list the source code in a book, mirror the documentation at your own web site, or use it in any other way you see fit. David Megginson, sax@megginson.com 1998-05-11 SAX 2.0 I hereby abandon any property rights to SAX 2.0 (the Simple API for XML), and release all of the SAX 2.0 source code, compiled code, and documentation contained in this distribution into the Public Domain. SAX comes with NO WARRANTY or guarantee of fitness for any purpose. David Megginson, david@megginson.com 2000-05-05 ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/external/w3c_dom/README ======================================================================== Bindings for the Document Object Model (DOM). DOM is not maintained as part of GNU Classpath, but is used with GNU Classpath. The packages includes are: Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/ (07 April 2004) Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Load and Save Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-LS/ (07 April 2004) Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Events Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/ (13 November 2000) Latest errata: 20021016 Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Views Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Views/ (13 November 2000) Latest errata: 20021016 Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Style Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Style/ (13 November 2000) Latest errata: 20021016 Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Traversal and Range Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Traversal-Range/ (13 November 2000) Latest errata: 20021016 Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-HTML/ (09 January 2003) Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 XPath Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/ (26 February 2004) Errata can be found at: http://www.w3.org/2000/11/DOM-Level-2-errata http://www.w3.org/2004/01/DOM-Level-3-errata The only change to the sources is setting the additional fallback for org.w3c.dom.bootstrap.DOMImplementationRegistry.newInstance() to gnu.xml.dom.ImplementationSource. When importing new versions don't forget to update the Makefile.am to list any new files (or to remove old ones). All files are distributed under the following W3C Software Short Notice: Copyright (c) 2004 World Wide Web Consortium, (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Keio University). All Rights Reserved. This work is distributed under the W3C(r) Software License [1] in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. [1] http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2002/copyright-software-20021231 Permission to copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation, with or without modification, for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you include the following on ALL copies of the software and documentation or portions thereof, including modifications: 1. The full text of this NOTICE in a location viewable to users of the redistributed or derivative work. 2. Any pre-existing intellectual property disclaimers, notices, or terms and conditions. If none exist, the W3C Software Short Notice should be included (hypertext is preferred, text is permitted) within the body of any redistributed or derivative code. 3. Notice of any changes or modifications to the files, including the date changes were made. (We recommend you provide URIs to the location from which the code is derived.) THIS SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND COPYRIGHT HOLDERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. COPYRIGHT HOLDERS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE OR DOCUMENTATION. The name and trademarks of copyright holders may NOT be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to the software without specific, written prior permission. Title to copyright in this software and any associated documentation will at all times remain with copyright holders. ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/native/jni/midi-dssi/README ======================================================================== The file native/jni/midi-dssi/gnu_javax_sound_midi_dssi_DSSISynthesizer.c contains two functions (get_port_default and set_control) derived from example code in the DSSI distribution (http://dssi.sourceforge.net). The original DSSI example code is distributed under the following terms: Copyright 2004 Chris Cannam, Steve Harris and Sean Bolton. Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice are included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. The rest of this file contain the original versions of these functions. LADSPA_Data get_port_default(const LADSPA_Descriptor *plugin, int port) { LADSPA_PortRangeHint hint = plugin->PortRangeHints[port]; float lower = hint.LowerBound * (LADSPA_IS_HINT_SAMPLE_RATE(hint.HintDescriptor) ? sample_rate : 1.0f); float upper = hint.UpperBound * (LADSPA_IS_HINT_SAMPLE_RATE(hint.HintDescriptor) ? sample_rate : 1.0f); if (!LADSPA_IS_HINT_HAS_DEFAULT(hint.HintDescriptor)) { if (!LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_BELOW(hint.HintDescriptor) || !LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_ABOVE(hint.HintDescriptor)) { /* No hint, its not bounded, wild guess */ return 0.0f; } if (lower <= 0.0f && upper >= 0.0f) { /* It spans 0.0, 0.0 is often a good guess */ return 0.0f; } /* No clues, return minimum */ return lower; } /* Try all the easy ones */ if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_0(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return 0.0f; } else if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_1(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return 1.0f; } else if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_100(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return 100.0f; } else if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_440(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return 440.0f; } /* All the others require some bounds */ if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_BELOW(hint.HintDescriptor)) { if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_MINIMUM(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return lower; } } if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_ABOVE(hint.HintDescriptor)) { if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_MAXIMUM(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return upper; } if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_BELOW(hint.HintDescriptor)) { if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_LOW(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return lower * 0.75f + upper * 0.25f; } else if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_MIDDLE(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return lower * 0.5f + upper * 0.5f; } else if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_DEFAULT_HIGH(hint.HintDescriptor)) { return lower * 0.25f + upper * 0.75f; } } } /* fallback */ return 0.0f; } void setControl(d3h_instance_t *instance, long controlIn, snd_seq_event_t *event) { long port = pluginControlInPortNumbers[controlIn]; const LADSPA_Descriptor *p = instance->plugin->descriptor->LADSPA_Plugin; LADSPA_PortRangeHintDescriptor d = p->PortRangeHints[port].HintDescriptor; LADSPA_Data lb = p->PortRangeHints[port].LowerBound * (LADSPA_IS_HINT_SAMPLE_RATE(p->PortRangeHints[port].HintDescriptor) ? sample_rate : 1.0f); LADSPA_Data ub = p->PortRangeHints[port].UpperBound * (LADSPA_IS_HINT_SAMPLE_RATE(p->PortRangeHints[port].HintDescriptor) ? sample_rate : 1.0f); float value = (float)event->data.control.value; if (!LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_BELOW(d)) { if (!LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_ABOVE(d)) { /* unbounded: might as well leave the value alone. */ } else { /* bounded above only. just shift the range. */ value = ub - 127.0f + value; } } else { if (!LADSPA_IS_HINT_BOUNDED_ABOVE(d)) { /* bounded below only. just shift the range. */ value = lb + value; } else { /* bounded both ends. more interesting. */ if (LADSPA_IS_HINT_LOGARITHMIC(d)) { const float llb = logf(lb); const float lub = logf(ub); value = expf(llb + ((lub - llb) * value / 127.0f)); } else { value = lb + ((ub - lb) * value / 127.0f); } } } if (verbose) { printf("%s: %s MIDI controller %d=%d -> control in %ld=%f\n", myName, instance->friendly_name, event->data.control.param, event->data.control.value, controlIn, value); } pluginControlIns[controlIn] = value; pluginPortUpdated[controlIn] = 1; } ======================================================================== * gcc libobjc/README ======================================================================== GNU Objective C notes ********************* This document is to explain what has been done, and a little about how specific features differ from other implementations. The runtime has been completely rewritten in gcc 2.4. The earlier runtime had several severe bugs and was rather incomplete. The compiler has had several new features added as well. This is not documentation for Objective C, it is usable to someone who knows Objective C from somewhere else. Runtime API functions ===================== The runtime is modeled after the NeXT Objective C runtime. That is, most functions have semantics as it is known from the NeXT. The names, however, have changed. All runtime API functions have names of lowercase letters and underscores as opposed to the `traditional' mixed case names. The runtime api functions are not documented as of now. Someone offered to write it, and did it, but we were not allowed to use it by his university (Very sad story). We have started writing the documentation over again. This will be announced in appropriate places when it becomes available. Protocols ========= Protocols are now fully supported. The semantics is exactly as on the NeXT. There is a flag to specify how protocols should be typechecked when adopted to classes. The normal typechecker requires that all methods in a given protocol must be implemented in the class that adopts it -- it is not enough to inherit them. The flag `-Wno-protocol' causes it to allow inherited methods, while `-Wprotocols' is the default which requires them defined. +load =========== This method, if defined, is called for each class and category implementation when the class is loaded into the runtime. This method is not inherited, and is thus not called for a subclass that doesn't define it itself. Thus, each +load method is called exactly once by the runtime. The runtime invocation of this method is thread safe. +initialize =========== This method, if defined, is called before any other instance or class methods of that particular class. For the GNU runtime, this method is not inherited, and is thus not called as initializer for a subclass that doesn't define it itself. Thus, each +initialize method is called exactly once by the runtime (or never if no methods of that particular class is never called). It is wise to guard against multiple invocations anyway to remain portable with the NeXT runtime. The runtime invocation of this method is thread safe. Passivation/Activation/Typedstreams =================================== This is supported in the style of NeXT TypedStream's. Consult the headerfile Typedstreams.h for api functions. I (Kresten) have rewritten it in Objective C, but this implementation is not part of 2.4, it is available from the GNU Objective C prerelease archive. There is one difference worth noting concerning objects stored with objc_write_object_reference (aka NXWriteObjectReference). When these are read back in, their object is not guaranteed to be available until the `-awake' method is called in the object that requests that object. To objc_read_object you must pass a pointer to an id, which is valid after exit from the function calling it (like e.g. an instance variable). In general, you should not use objects read in until the -awake method is called. Acknowledgements ================ The GNU Objective C team: Geoffrey Knauth (manager), Tom Wood (compiler) and Kresten Krab Thorup (runtime) would like to thank a some people for participating in the development of the present GNU Objective C. Paul Burchard and Andrew McCallum has been very helpful debugging the runtime. Eric Herring has been very helpful cleaning up after the documentation-copyright disaster and is now helping with the new documentation. Steve Naroff and Richard Stallman has been very helpful with implementation details in the compiler. Bug Reports =========== Please read the section `Submitting Bugreports' of the gcc manual before you submit any bugs. ======================================================================== * gcc zlib/README ======================================================================== This directory contains the zlib package, which is not part of GCC but shipped with GCC as convenience. ZLIB DATA COMPRESSION LIBRARY zlib 1.2.7 is a general purpose data compression library. All the code is thread safe. The data format used by the zlib library is described by RFCs (Request for Comments) 1950 to 1952 in the files http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1950 (zlib format), rfc1951 (deflate format) and rfc1952 (gzip format). All functions of the compression library are documented in the file zlib.h (volunteer to write man pages welcome, contact zlib@gzip.org). A usage example of the library is given in the file test/example.c which also tests that the library is working correctly. Another example is given in the file test/minigzip.c. The compression library itself is composed of all source files in the root directory. To compile all files and run the test program, follow the instructions given at the top of Makefile.in. In short "./configure; make test", and if that goes well, "make install" should work for most flavors of Unix. For Windows, use one of the special makefiles in win32/ or contrib/vstudio/ . For VMS, use make_vms.com. Questions about zlib should be sent to , or to Gilles Vollant for the Windows DLL version. The zlib home page is http://zlib.net/ . Before reporting a problem, please check this site to verify that you have the latest version of zlib; otherwise get the latest version and check whether the problem still exists or not. PLEASE read the zlib FAQ http://zlib.net/zlib_faq.html before asking for help. Mark Nelson wrote an article about zlib for the Jan. 1997 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal; a copy of the article is available at http://marknelson.us/1997/01/01/zlib-engine/ . The changes made in version 1.2.7 are documented in the file ChangeLog. Unsupported third party contributions are provided in directory contrib/ . zlib is available in Java using the java.util.zip package, documented at http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Programming/compression/ . A Perl interface to zlib written by Paul Marquess is available at CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) sites, including http://search.cpan.org/~pmqs/IO-Compress-Zlib/ . A Python interface to zlib written by A.M. Kuchling is available in Python 1.5 and later versions, see http://docs.python.org/library/zlib.html . zlib is built into tcl: http://wiki.tcl.tk/4610 . An experimental package to read and write files in .zip format, written on top of zlib by Gilles Vollant , is available in the contrib/minizip directory of zlib. Notes for some targets: - For Windows DLL versions, please see win32/DLL_FAQ.txt - For 64-bit Irix, deflate.c must be compiled without any optimization. With -O, one libpng test fails. The test works in 32 bit mode (with the -n32 compiler flag). The compiler bug has been reported to SGI. - zlib doesn't work with gcc 2.6.3 on a DEC 3000/300LX under OSF/1 2.1 it works when compiled with cc. - On Digital Unix 4.0D (formely OSF/1) on AlphaServer, the cc option -std1 is necessary to get gzprintf working correctly. This is done by configure. - zlib doesn't work on HP-UX 9.05 with some versions of /bin/cc. It works with other compilers. Use "make test" to check your compiler. - gzdopen is not supported on RISCOS or BEOS. - For PalmOs, see http://palmzlib.sourceforge.net/ Acknowledgments: The deflate format used by zlib was defined by Phil Katz. The deflate and zlib specifications were written by L. Peter Deutsch. Thanks to all the people who reported problems and suggested various improvements in zlib; they are too numerous to cite here. Copyright notice: (C) 1995-2012 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu If you use the zlib library in a product, we would appreciate *not* receiving lengthy legal documents to sign. The sources are provided for free but without warranty of any kind. The library has been entirely written by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler; it does not include third-party code. If you redistribute modified sources, we would appreciate that you include in the file ChangeLog history information documenting your changes. Please read the FAQ for more information on the distribution of modified source versions. ======================================================================== * gcc zlib/contrib/delphi/readme.txt ======================================================================== Overview ======== This directory contains an update to the ZLib interface unit, distributed by Borland as a Delphi supplemental component. The original ZLib unit is Copyright (c) 1997,99 Borland Corp., and is based on zlib version 1.0.4. There are a series of bugs and security problems associated with that old zlib version, and we recommend the users to update their ZLib unit. Summary of modifications ======================== - Improved makefile, adapted to zlib version 1.2.1. - Some field types from TZStreamRec are changed from Integer to Longint, for consistency with the zlib.h header, and for 64-bit readiness. - The zlib_version constant is updated. - The new Z_RLE strategy has its corresponding symbolic constant. - The allocation and deallocation functions and function types (TAlloc, TFree, zlibAllocMem and zlibFreeMem) are now cdecl, and _malloc and _free are added as C RTL stubs. As a result, the original C sources of zlib can be compiled out of the box, and linked to the ZLib unit. Suggestions for improvements ============================ Currently, the ZLib unit provides only a limited wrapper around the zlib library, and much of the original zlib functionality is missing. Handling compressed file formats like ZIP/GZIP or PNG cannot be implemented without having this functionality. Applications that handle these formats are either using their own, duplicated code, or not using the ZLib unit at all. Here are a few suggestions: - Checksum class wrappers around adler32() and crc32(), similar to the Java classes that implement the java.util.zip.Checksum interface. - The ability to read and write raw deflate streams, without the zlib stream header and trailer. Raw deflate streams are used in the ZIP file format. - The ability to read and write gzip streams, used in the GZIP file format, and normally produced by the gzip program. - The ability to select a different compression strategy, useful to PNG and MNG image compression, and to multimedia compression in general. Besides the compression level TCompressionLevel = (clNone, clFastest, clDefault, clMax); which, in fact, could have used the 'z' prefix and avoided TColor-like symbols TCompressionLevel = (zcNone, zcFastest, zcDefault, zcMax); there could be a compression strategy TCompressionStrategy = (zsDefault, zsFiltered, zsHuffmanOnly, zsRle); - ZIP and GZIP stream handling via TStreams. -- Cosmin Truta ======================================================================== * gcc zlib/contrib/dotzlib/readme.txt ======================================================================== This directory contains a .Net wrapper class library for the ZLib1.dll The wrapper includes support for inflating/deflating memory buffers, .Net streaming wrappers for the gz streams part of zlib, and wrappers for the checksum parts of zlib. See DotZLib/UnitTests.cs for examples. Directory structure: -------------------- LICENSE_1_0.txt - License file. readme.txt - This file. DotZLib.chm - Class library documentation DotZLib.build - NAnt build file DotZLib.sln - Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 solution file DotZLib\*.cs - Source files for the class library Unit tests: ----------- The file DotZLib/UnitTests.cs contains unit tests for use with NUnit 2.1 or higher. To include unit tests in the build, define nunit before building. Build instructions: ------------------- 1. Using Visual Studio.Net 2003: Open DotZLib.sln in VS.Net and build from there. Output file (DotZLib.dll) will be found ./DotZLib/bin/release or ./DotZLib/bin/debug, depending on you are building the release or debug version of the library. Check DotZLib/UnitTests.cs for instructions on how to include unit tests in the build. 2. Using NAnt: Open a command prompt with access to the build environment and run nant in the same directory as the DotZLib.build file. You can define 2 properties on the nant command-line to control the build: debug={true|false} to toggle between release/debug builds (default=true). nunit={true|false} to include or esclude unit tests (default=true). Also the target clean will remove binaries. Output file (DotZLib.dll) will be found in either ./DotZLib/bin/release or ./DotZLib/bin/debug, depending on whether you are building the release or debug version of the library. Examples: nant -D:debug=false -D:nunit=false will build a release mode version of the library without unit tests. nant will build a debug version of the library with unit tests nant clean will remove all previously built files. --------------------------------- Copyright (c) Henrik Ravn 2004 Use, modification and distribution are subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) ======================================================================== * gcc zlib/contrib/pascal/readme.txt ======================================================================== This directory contains a Pascal (Delphi, Kylix) interface to the zlib data compression library. Directory listing ================= zlibd32.mak makefile for Borland C++ example.pas usage example of zlib zlibpas.pas the Pascal interface to zlib readme.txt this file Compatibility notes =================== - Although the name "zlib" would have been more normal for the zlibpas unit, this name is already taken by Borland's ZLib unit. This is somehow unfortunate, because that unit is not a genuine interface to the full-fledged zlib functionality, but a suite of class wrappers around zlib streams. Other essential features, such as checksums, are missing. It would have been more appropriate for that unit to have a name like "ZStreams", or something similar. - The C and zlib-supplied types int, uInt, long, uLong, etc. are translated directly into Pascal types of similar sizes (Integer, LongInt, etc.), to avoid namespace pollution. In particular, there is no conversion of unsigned int into a Pascal unsigned integer. The Word type is non-portable and has the same size (16 bits) both in a 16-bit and in a 32-bit environment, unlike Integer. Even if there is a 32-bit Cardinal type, there is no real need for unsigned int in zlib under a 32-bit environment. - Except for the callbacks, the zlib function interfaces are assuming the calling convention normally used in Pascal (__pascal for DOS and Windows16, __fastcall for Windows32). Since the cdecl keyword is used, the old Turbo Pascal does not work with this interface. - The gz* function interfaces are not translated, to avoid interfacing problems with the C runtime library. Besides, gzprintf(gzFile file, const char *format, ...) cannot be translated into Pascal. Legal issues ============ The zlibpas interface is: Copyright (C) 1995-2003 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler. Copyright (C) 1998 by Bob Dellaca. Copyright (C) 2003 by Cosmin Truta. The example program is: Copyright (C) 1995-2003 by Jean-loup Gailly. Copyright (C) 1998,1999,2000 by Jacques Nomssi Nzali. Copyright (C) 2003 by Cosmin Truta. This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the author be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. ======================================================================== * gcc zlib/win32/README-WIN32.txt ======================================================================== ZLIB DATA COMPRESSION LIBRARY zlib 1.2.7 is a general purpose data compression library. All the code is thread safe. The data format used by the zlib library is described by RFCs (Request for Comments) 1950 to 1952 in the files http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt (zlib format), rfc1951.txt (deflate format) and rfc1952.txt (gzip format). All functions of the compression library are documented in the file zlib.h (volunteer to write man pages welcome, contact zlib@gzip.org). Two compiled examples are distributed in this package, example and minigzip. The example_d and minigzip_d flavors validate that the zlib1.dll file is working correctly. Questions about zlib should be sent to . The zlib home page is http://zlib.net/ . Before reporting a problem, please check this site to verify that you have the latest version of zlib; otherwise get the latest version and check whether the problem still exists or not. PLEASE read DLL_FAQ.txt, and the the zlib FAQ http://zlib.net/zlib_faq.html before asking for help. Manifest: The package zlib-1.2.7-win32-x86.zip will contain the following files: README-WIN32.txt This document ChangeLog Changes since previous zlib packages DLL_FAQ.txt Frequently asked questions about zlib1.dll zlib.3.pdf Documentation of this library in Adobe Acrobat format example.exe A statically-bound example (using zlib.lib, not the dll) example.pdb Symbolic information for debugging example.exe example_d.exe A zlib1.dll bound example (using zdll.lib) example_d.pdb Symbolic information for debugging example_d.exe minigzip.exe A statically-bound test program (using zlib.lib, not the dll) minigzip.pdb Symbolic information for debugging minigzip.exe minigzip_d.exe A zlib1.dll bound test program (using zdll.lib) minigzip_d.pdb Symbolic information for debugging minigzip_d.exe zlib.h Install these files into the compilers' INCLUDE path to zconf.h compile programs which use zlib.lib or zdll.lib zdll.lib Install these files into the compilers' LIB path if linking zdll.exp a compiled program to the zlib1.dll binary zlib.lib Install these files into the compilers' LIB path to link zlib zlib.pdb into compiled programs, without zlib1.dll runtime dependency (zlib.pdb provides debugging info to the compile time linker) zlib1.dll Install this binary shared library into the system PATH, or the program's runtime directory (where the .exe resides) zlib1.pdb Install in the same directory as zlib1.dll, in order to debug an application crash using WinDbg or similar tools. All .pdb files above are entirely optional, but are very useful to a developer attempting to diagnose program misbehavior or a crash. Many additional important files for developers can be found in the zlib127.zip source package available from http://zlib.net/ - review that package's README file for details. Acknowledgments: The deflate format used by zlib was defined by Phil Katz. The deflate and zlib specifications were written by L. Peter Deutsch. Thanks to all the people who reported problems and suggested various improvements in zlib; they are too numerous to cite here. Copyright notice: (C) 1995-2012 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu If you use the zlib library in a product, we would appreciate *not* receiving lengthy legal documents to sign. The sources are provided for free but without warranty of any kind. The library has been entirely written by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler; it does not include third-party code. 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BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. 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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. 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To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. 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Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it. For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions. Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users. Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS 0. Definitions. "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License. "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks. "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and "recipients" may be individuals or organizations. To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work. A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program. To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well. To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying. An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion. 1. Source Code. The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source form of a work. 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The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files associated with source files for the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of the work. The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source. The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work. 2. Basic Permissions. All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law. You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you. Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary. 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law. 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You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee. 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions. You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and giving a relevant date. b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to "keep intact all notices". c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. 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You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways: a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange. b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge. c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. 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Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements. e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d. A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work. A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. 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If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions. When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms: a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors. All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying. If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms. Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way. 8. Termination. You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11). However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10. 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies. You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients. Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. 11. Patents. A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version". A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License. Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version. In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party. If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid. If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it. A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such. 14. Revised Versions of this License. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program. Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Copyright (C) This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see . The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read . ======================================================================== * gcc COPYING3.LIB, gcc/COPYING3.LIB ======================================================================== GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below. 0. Additional Definitions. As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License. "The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License, other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below. An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library. Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode of using an interface provided by the Library. A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an Application with the Library. The particular version of the Library with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked Version". The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version. The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work. 1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL. You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL. 2. Conveying Modified Versions. If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified version: a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the function or data, the facility still operates, and performs whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of this License applicable to that copy. 3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files. The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such object code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates (ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following: a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License. b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license document. 4. Combined Works. 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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/COPYING ======================================================================== GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) 19yy This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. ======================================================================== * gcc libjava/classpath/LICENSE ======================================================================== The software in this package is distributed under the GNU General Public License (with a special exception described below). A copy of GNU General Public License (GPL) is included in this distribution, in the file COPYING. If you do not have the source code, it is available at: http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/ Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is making a combined work based on this library. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License cover the whole combination. As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting executable under terms of your choice, provided that you also meet, for each linked independent module, the terms and conditions of the license of that module. An independent module is a module which is not derived from or based on this library. If you modify this library, you may extend this exception to your version of the library, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your version. GNU Classpath also contains other (example) code distributed under other terms. External libraries included with GNU Classpath may also be distributed under different licensing terms. The location and the exact terms of this other code is mentioned below. Directory examples. All example code is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Each example source code files carries the following notice: GNU Classpath examples are free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. GNU Classpath examples are distributed in the hope that they will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with GNU Classpath examples; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. For more information see the README file in the examples directory. Directory native/fdlibm fdlimb contains general algorithms useful for runtimes and compilers to support strict double and float mathematical operations. fdlibm files carry the following notices: Copyright (c) 1991 by AT&T. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting documentation for such software. THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR AT&T MAKES ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Developed at SunPro, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved. The upstream for fdlibm is libgcj (http://gcc.gnu.org/java/), they sync again with the 'real' upstream (http://www.netlib.org/fdlibm/readme). The documentation of some of the files in org/ietf/jgss/ is derived from the text of RFC 2853: Generic Security Service API Version 2: Java Bindings. That document is covered under the following license notice: Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Directory external/w3c_dom Bindings for the Document Object Model (DOM) as published by the World Wide Web Consortium. All files are distributed under the following W3C Software Short Notice: Copyright (c) 2004 World Wide Web Consortium, (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Keio University). All Rights Reserved. This work is distributed under the W3C(r) Software License [1] in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. [1] http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2002/copyright-software-20021231 Permission to copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation, with or without modification, for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you include the following on ALL copies of the software and documentation or portions thereof, including modifications: 1. The full text of this NOTICE in a location viewable to users of the redistributed or derivative work. 2. Any pre-existing intellectual property disclaimers, notices, or terms and conditions. If none exist, the W3C Software Short Notice should be included (hypertext is preferred, text is permitted) within the body of any redistributed or derivative code. 3. Notice of any changes or modifications to the files, including the date changes were made. (We recommend you provide URIs to the location from which the code is derived.) THIS SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND COPYRIGHT HOLDERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. COPYRIGHT HOLDERS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE OR DOCUMENTATION. The name and trademarks of copyright holders may NOT be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to the software without specific, written prior permission. Title to copyright in this software and any associated documentation will at all times remain with copyright holders. Directory external/sax Simple API for XML, a standard application interface for processing XML. All files are distributed with the following short notice: NO WARRANTY! This class is in the Public Domain. The www.saxproject.org explains: Copyright Status SAX is free! In fact, it's not possible to own a license to SAX, since it's been placed in the public domain. No Warranty Because SAX is released to the public domain, there is no warranty for the design or for the software implementation, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other parties provide SAX "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of SAX is with you. Should SAX prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction. In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or redistribute SAX, be liable to you for damages, including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use SAX (including but not limited to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a failure of the SAX to operate with any other programs), even if such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Copyright Disclaimers This page includes statements to that effect by David Megginson, who would have been able to claim copyright for the original work. SAX 1.0 Version 1.0 of the Simple API for XML (SAX), created collectively by the membership of the XML-DEV mailing list, is hereby released into the public domain. No one owns SAX: you may use it freely in both commercial and non-commercial applications, bundle it with your software distribution, include it on a CD-ROM, list the source code in a book, mirror the documentation at your own web site, or use it in any other way you see fit. David Megginson, sax@megginson.com 1998-05-11 SAX 2.0 I hereby abandon any property rights to SAX 2.0 (the Simple API for XML), and release all of the SAX 2.0 source code, compiled code, and documentation contained in this distribution into the Public Domain. SAX comes with NO WARRANTY or guarantee of fitness for any purpose. David Megginson, david@megginson.com 2000-05-05 Two files in gnu/xml/aelfred2 (SAXDriver.java and XmlParser.java) were originally derived from code which carried the following notice: Copyright (c) 1997, 1998 by Microstar Software Ltd. AElfred is free for both commercial and non-commercial use and redistribution, provided that Microstar's copyright and disclaimer are retained intact. 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