======================================================================== * README ======================================================================== NAME HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client VERSION version 0.033 SYNOPSIS use HTTP::Tiny; my $response = HTTP::Tiny->new->get('http://example.com/'); die "Failed!\n" unless $response->{success}; print "$response->{status} $response->{reason}\n"; while (my ($k, $v) = each %{$response->{headers}}) { for (ref $v eq 'ARRAY' ? @$v : $v) { print "$k: $_\n"; } } print $response->{content} if length $response->{content}; DESCRIPTION This is a very simple HTTP/1.1 client, designed for doing simple GET requests without the overhead of a large framework like LWP::UserAgent. It is more correct and more complete than HTTP::Lite. It supports proxies (currently only non-authenticating ones) and redirection. It also correctly resumes after EINTR. METHODS new $http = HTTP::Tiny->new( %attributes ); This constructor returns a new HTTP::Tiny object. Valid attributes include: * "agent" A user-agent string (defaults to 'HTTP-Tiny/$VERSION'). If "agent" ends in a space character, the default user-agent string is appended. * "cookie_jar" An instance of HTTP::CookieJar or equivalent class that supports the "add" and "cookie_header" methods * "default_headers" A hashref of default headers to apply to requests * "local_address" The local IP address to bind to * "max_redirect" Maximum number of redirects allowed (defaults to 5) * "max_size" Maximum response size (only when not using a data callback). If defined, responses larger than this will return an exception. * "proxy" URL of a proxy server to use (default is $ENV{http_proxy} if set) * "no_proxy" List of domain suffixes that should not be proxied. Must be a comma-separated string or an array reference. (default is $ENV{no_proxy}) * "timeout" Request timeout in seconds (default is 60) * "verify_SSL" A boolean that indicates whether to validate the SSL certificate of an "https" connection (default is false) * "SSL_options" A hashref of "SSL_*" options to pass through to IO::Socket::SSL Exceptions from "max_size", "timeout" or other errors will result in a pseudo-HTTP status code of 599 and a reason of "Internal Exception". The content field in the response will contain the text of the exception. See "SSL SUPPORT" for more on the "verify_SSL" and "SSL_options" attributes. get|head|put|post|delete $response = $http->get($url); $response = $http->get($url, \%options); $response = $http->head($url); These methods are shorthand for calling "request()" for the given method. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. See "request()" for valid options and a description of the response. The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX. post_form $response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data); $response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data, \%options); This method executes a "POST" request and sends the key/value pairs from a form data hash or array reference to the given URL with a "content-type" of "application/x-www-form-urlencoded". See documentation for the "www_form_urlencode" method for details on the encoding. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. See "request()" for valid options and a description of the response. Any "content-type" header or content in the options hashref will be ignored. The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX. mirror $response = $http->mirror($url, $file, \%options) if ( $response->{success} ) { print "$file is up to date\n"; } Executes a "GET" request for the URL and saves the response body to the file name provided. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. If the file already exists, the request will include an "If-Modified-Since" header with the modification timestamp of the file. You may specify a different "If-Modified-Since" header yourself in the "$options->{headers}" hash. The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX or if the status code is 304 (unmodified). If the file was modified and the server response includes a properly formatted "Last-Modified" header, the file modification time will be updated accordingly. request $response = $http->request($method, $url); $response = $http->request($method, $url, \%options); Executes an HTTP request of the given method type ('GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT', etc.) on the given URL. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. A hashref of options may be appended to modify the request. Valid options are: * "headers" A hashref containing headers to include with the request. If the value for a header is an array reference, the header will be output multiple times with each value in the array. These headers over-write any default headers. * "content" A scalar to include as the body of the request OR a code reference that will be called iteratively to produce the body of the request * "trailer_callback" A code reference that will be called if it exists to provide a hashref of trailing headers (only used with chunked transfer-encoding) * "data_callback" A code reference that will be called for each chunks of the response body received. If the "content" option is a code reference, it will be called iteratively to provide the content body of the request. It should return the empty string or undef when the iterator is exhausted. If the "content" option is the empty string, no "content-type" or "content-length" headers will be generated. If the "data_callback" option is provided, it will be called iteratively until the entire response body is received. The first argument will be a string containing a chunk of the response body, the second argument will be the in-progress response hash reference, as described below. (This allows customizing the action of the callback based on the "status" or "headers" received prior to the content body.) The "request" method returns a hashref containing the response. The hashref will have the following keys: * "success" Boolean indicating whether the operation returned a 2XX status code * "url" URL that provided the response. This is the URL of the request unless there were redirections, in which case it is the last URL queried in a redirection chain * "status" The HTTP status code of the response * "reason" The response phrase returned by the server * "content" The body of the response. If the response does not have any content or if a data callback is provided to consume the response body, this will be the empty string * "headers" A hashref of header fields. All header field names will be normalized to be lower case. If a header is repeated, the value will be an arrayref; it will otherwise be a scalar string containing the value On an exception during the execution of the request, the "status" field will contain 599, and the "content" field will contain the text of the exception. www_form_urlencode $params = $http->www_form_urlencode( $data ); $response = $http->get("http://example.com/query?$params"); This method converts the key/value pairs from a data hash or array reference into a "x-www-form-urlencoded" string. The keys and values from the data reference will be UTF-8 encoded and escaped per RFC 3986. If a value is an array reference, the key will be repeated with each of the values of the array reference. The key/value pairs in the resulting string will be sorted by key and value. SSL SUPPORT Direct "https" connections are supported only if IO::Socket::SSL 1.56 or greater and Net::SSLeay 1.49 or greater are installed. An exception will be thrown if a new enough versions of these modules not installed or if the SSL encryption fails. There is no support for "https" connections via proxy (i.e. RFC 2817). SSL provides two distinct capabilities: * Encrypted communication channel * Verification of server identity By default, HTTP::Tiny does not verify server identity. Server identity verification is controversial and potentially tricky because it depends on a (usually paid) third-party Certificate Authority (CA) trust model to validate a certificate as legitimate. This discriminates against servers with self-signed certificates or certificates signed by free, community-driven CA's such as CAcert.org . By default, HTTP::Tiny does not make any assumptions about your trust model, threat level or risk tolerance. It just aims to give you an encrypted channel when you need one. Setting the "verify_SSL" attribute to a true value will make HTTP::Tiny verify that an SSL connection has a valid SSL certificate corresponding to the host name of the connection and that the SSL certificate has been verified by a CA. Assuming you trust the CA, this will protect against a man-in-the-middle attack . If you are concerned about security, you should enable this option. Certificate verification requires a file containing trusted CA certificates. If the Mozilla::CA module is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use the CA file included with it as a source of trusted CA's. (This means you trust Mozilla, the author of Mozilla::CA, the CPAN mirror where you got Mozilla::CA, the toolchain used to install it, and your operating system security, right?) If that module is not available, then HTTP::Tiny will search several system-specific default locations for a CA certificate file: * /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt * /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt * /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem An exception will be raised if "verify_SSL" is true and no CA certificate file is available. If you desire complete control over SSL connections, the "SSL_options" attribute lets you provide a hash reference that will be passed through to "IO::Socket::SSL::start_SSL()", overriding any options set by HTTP::Tiny. For example, to provide your own trusted CA file: SSL_options => { SSL_ca_file => $file_path, } The "SSL_options" attribute could also be used for such things as providing a client certificate for authentication to a server or controlling the choice of cipher used for the SSL connection. See IO::Socket::SSL documentation for details. LIMITATIONS HTTP::Tiny is *conditionally compliant* with the HTTP/1.1 specification . It attempts to meet all "MUST" requirements of the specification, but does not implement all "SHOULD" requirements. Some particular limitations of note include: * HTTP::Tiny focuses on correct transport. Users are responsible for ensuring that user-defined headers and content are compliant with the HTTP/1.1 specification. * Users must ensure that URLs are properly escaped for unsafe characters and that international domain names are properly encoded to ASCII. See URI::Escape, URI::_punycode and Net::IDN::Encode. * Redirection is very strict against the specification. Redirection is only automatic for response codes 301, 302 and 307 if the request method is 'GET' or 'HEAD'. Response code 303 is always converted into a 'GET' redirection, as mandated by the specification. There is no automatic support for status 305 ("Use proxy") redirections. * Persistent connections are not supported. The "Connection" header will always be set to "close". * Cookie support requires HTTP::CookieJar or an equivalent class. * Only the "http_proxy" environment variable is supported in the format "http://HOST:PORT/". If a "proxy" argument is passed to "new" (including undef), then the "http_proxy" environment variable is ignored. * "no_proxy" environment variable is supported in the format comma-separated list of domain extensions proxy should not be used for. If a "no_proxy" argument is passed to "new", then the "no_proxy" environment variable is ignored. * There is no provision for delaying a request body using an "Expect" header. Unexpected "1XX" responses are silently ignored as per the specification. * Only 'chunked' "Transfer-Encoding" is supported. * There is no support for a Request-URI of '*' for the 'OPTIONS' request. * There is no support for IPv6 of any kind. SEE ALSO * HTTP::Thin - HTTP::Tiny wrapper with HTTP::Request/HTTP::Response compatibility * HTTP::Tiny::Mech - Wrap WWW::Mechanize instance in HTTP::Tiny compatible interface * IO::Socket::SSL - Required for SSL support * LWP::UserAgent - If HTTP::Tiny isn't enough for you, this is the "standard" way to do things * Mozilla::CA - Required if you want to validate SSL certificates * Net::SSLeay - Required for SSL support SUPPORT Bugs / Feature Requests Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at . You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue. Source Code This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license. git clone git://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny.git AUTHORS * Christian Hansen * David Golden CONTRIBUTORS * Alan Gardner * Alessandro Ghedini * Brad Gilbert * Chris Nehren * Chris Weyl * Claes Jakobsson * Craig Berry * David Mitchell * Edward Zborowski * Jess Robinson * Lukas Eklund * Martin-Louis Bright * Mike Doherty * Serguei Trouchelle * Syohei YOSHIDA * Tony Cook COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Christian Hansen. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. ======================================================================== * LICENSE ======================================================================== This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Christian Hansen. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. Terms of the Perl programming language system itself a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version, or b) the "Artistic License" --- The GNU General Public License, Version 1, February 1989 --- This software is Copyright (c) 2013 by Christian Hansen. This is free software, licensed under: The GNU General Public License, Version 1, February 1989 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 1, February 1989 Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. The General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. You can use it for your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must tell them their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications. Each licensee is addressed as "you". 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph 1 above, provided that you also do the following: a) cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change; and b) cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains the Program or any part thereof, either with or without modifications, to be licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this General Public License (except that you may choose to grant warranty protection to some or all third parties, at your option). c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the simplest and most usual way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this General Public License. d) You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or its derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of these terms. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or derivative of it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, b) accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal charge for the cost of distribution) a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, c) accompany it with the information you received as to where the corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form alone.) Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable file, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains; but, as a special exception, it need not include source code for modules which are standard libraries that accompany the operating system on which the executable file runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that accompany that operating system. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the Program except as expressly provided under this General Public License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights to use the Program under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights to use copies, from you under this General Public License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work based on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so, and all its terms and conditions. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 7. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of the license which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the license, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 8. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 9. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 10. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) 19yy This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston MA 02110-1301 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19xx name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes at assemblers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice That's all there is to it! --- The Artistic License 1.0 --- This software is Copyright (c) 2013 by Christian Hansen. This is free software, licensed under: The Artistic License 1.0 The Artistic License Preamble The intent of this document is to state the conditions under which a Package may be copied, such that the Copyright Holder maintains some semblance of artistic control over the development of the package, while giving the users of the package the right to use and distribute the Package in a more-or-less customary fashion, plus the right to make reasonable modifications. 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However, you may distribute this Package in aggregate with other (possibly commercial) programs as part of a larger (possibly commercial) software distribution provided that you do not advertise this Package as a product of your own. 6. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as output from the programs of this Package do not automatically fall under the copyright of this Package, but belong to whomever generated them, and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this Package. 7. C or perl subroutines supplied by you and linked into this Package shall not be considered part of this Package. 8. The name of the Copyright Holder may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. 9. THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The End